diff --git a/app/models/cdao/document.rb b/app/models/cdao/document.rb
index 315581e..cd9db3a 100644
--- a/app/models/cdao/document.rb
+++ b/app/models/cdao/document.rb
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ class Cdao::Document < Cdao::Base
 
     string :reference_number
     string :title do
-      (title.present? ? title.first(32760).strip : short_title).titleize
+      (title.present? ? title.first(32760).strip : short_title || "").titleize
     end
     string :short_title do
-      (short_title.presence || title.first(32760).strip).titleize
+      (short_title.presence || title || "").first(32760).strip.titleize
     end
 
     date :doc_date
diff --git a/app/models/cdao/jurisprudence.rb b/app/models/cdao/jurisprudence.rb
index 294b7a5..1cdaa6a 100644
--- a/app/models/cdao/jurisprudence.rb
+++ b/app/models/cdao/jurisprudence.rb
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ class Cdao::Jurisprudence < Cdao::Base
 
     string :reference_number
     string :title do
-      (title.present? ? title.first(32760).strip : short_title).titleize
+      (title.present? ? title.first(32760).strip : short_title || "").titleize
     end
     string :short_title do
-      (short_title.presence || title.first(32760).strip).titleize
+      (short_title.presence || title.first(32760).strip || "").titleize
     end
 
     date :doc_date